Control system for the remote operation of power plants



April 22, 1941. E. PEARSON 2,238,914

CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE REMOTE OPERATION OF POWER PLANTS Original Filed Feb. 24, 1931 2 Sheets-Sheet l Wig s.

April 22, 1941. E. PEARSON 2,23%,914

CONTROL SYSTEH FOR THE REMOTE OPERATION OF POWER PLANTS Original Filed Feb. 24, 1931 2 Sheets-Sheet ,2

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Patented Apr. 22, 1941 UNITED STATES PATENT ween CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE REMOTE OPERATION OF POWER PLANTS Erick Pearson, Chicago, Iil.

18 Claims.

This application is a division of my application for patent on a System for the remote operation of power plants, Ser. No. 517,675, filed February 24, 1931, on which Patent No. 2,067,944 was granted January 19, 1937.

M invention relates to power plants and to the actuation and control of generators therein and has for an object to provide a system where by a generator may be completely controlled automatically from a remotely situated control station.

Another object of the invention resides in providing a system in which the operator may be at all times apprized of the condition of the power plant and of the state of actuation or cperation of the various machinery therein.

An object of the invention resides in providing a plurality of devices for actuating and controlling the machinery and equipment of a power plant and for controlling the starting and operation of a generator and synchronizer of the power plant, said devices having electric circuits and in further providing a meter responsive to the flow of current in said circuits for indicating the condition or state of actuation or operation of the generator and synchronizer or other equipment.

Other objects of the invention reside in utilizing a control current for controlling the actuation and operation of the generator and synchronizer of relatively high potential and in providing a control line and in further using one wire of the transmission system as one side of said control line.

Another object of the invention resides in effooting the actuation and control of certain of the elements of the power plant by varying the control potential at the control station.

A still further object of the invention resides in providing time controlled means for starting and stopping the generator unit at any desired predetermined time of the day.

A feature of the invention resides in providing a safety'device for preventing the automatic restarting of a unit after the same has been shut down until the system is manually started and the operator given an opportunity to check the cause for the automatic stopping of the system.

An object of the invention resides in providing a limit device operable in conjunction with the governor of the prime mover of the generator to limit the gate opening for controlling the speed of the prime mover until the speed control of the governor becomes operative.

Another object of the invention resides in pr r viding centrifugally controlled means actuated by the speed of the generator for controlling the synchronizing and the connecting of the generator to the system.

An object of the invention resides in providing a voltage controlling device for the generator, including a voltage regulator energized from the generator voltage and controlling the exciter current, and in providing relays in combination therewith for shunting part of the exciting current from the regulator at predetermined load conditions.

A still further object of the invention resides in employing a voltage regulator for controlling the generator field excitation so as to maintain a fixed potential across the generator generating winding during the synchronizing and operation of the generator.

Another object of the invention resides in providing a master relay for controlling the operation of the generator and all accompanying devices.

An object of the invention resides in employing in conjunction with the circuit breaker and the fluid control for the prime mover of the genorator, two switches, the switch for the fluid control being adapted to open and close, depending upon the condition of the fluid, one of said switches being normally open and the other of said switches being normally closed and in arranging said switches in interlocking parallel relation in the circuit of the master relay in controlling the operation of the generator.

Another object of the invention resides in providing a solenoid, operating in conjunction with the fiuid control of the governor for the prime mover, adapted to limit the opening of the fluid control to cause the generator to assume a predetermined partial load.

A still further object of the invention resides in providing a device for regulating the output of the generator connected to a power line according to the direction of flow of the current the power line and in employing a watt meter having switches therein, adapted to be alternately operated in accordance with the direction of flow of power in the power line for effecting such regulation.

Another object of the invention resides in providing a device for controlling the output of a generator connected to a power line in accordance with the energy supplied to the power line through other sources.

Another object of the invention resides in provid1;g a jrotective device for preventing the subsequent connecting of the generator to the dis-' tribution line in the event that any of the functions of the starting and connecting devices fail to operate within a predetermined limit of time.

An object of the invention resides in providing a protective device operating to shut down the generator in the event that there be failure of current for energizing the various protective devices.

A feature or' the invention resides in providing a protective device for shutting down the generator in the event of failure of the exciter to generate current for exciting the fields of the generator.

A still further object of the invention resides in providing a protective device for shutting down the generator when the height of water at the water wheel drops below a predetermined elevation.

An object of the invention resides in providing a protective device for shutting down the generator in the event of reversal of power in the generator line or in the event that the load carried by the generator drops below a predetermined amount.

Another object of the invention resides in providing means for normally shutting down the plant which includes apparatus for opening the circuit breaker at such time as there shall be no load on the generator to prevent arcing at the circuit breaker contacts.

A still further object of the invention resides in providing a float, disposed in the fiume of a water turbine for operating the generator and between the intake and water wheel and to further provide means operating in conjunction therewith to shut down the generator when the elevation of the water within the flume drops below a predetermined height.

An object of the invention resides in providing a float within the flume of the Water turbine and in providing indicating means operated thereby for indicating the condition at the screen of the turbine intake to advise whether or not trash has accumulated at the screen to such an extent as to decrease supply of water to the turbine.

Another object of the invention resides in providing in conjunction with a telephone system, a device for automatically operating the telephone and calling an attendant at a distant point and announcing any failure which might have occurred at the power plant.

A feature of the invention resides in provid ing a device for recording the messages delivered over such telephone system.

An object of the invention resides in providing a sound reproducing device for transmitting messages over the telephone system to an attendant at the power station when the telephone at the power station is manually operated by such attendant.

Another object of the invention resides in utilizing the control line for telephoning between the power plant and the control station.

A still further object of the invention resides in providing a float for indicating the condition of the head water and in further providing a circuit connected therewith and connected to said circuit and to said previously named circuit for operating said indicating meter, said first named circuit being operated when the generator has taken its share of the load.

An object of the invention resides in providof generator 45 through a conductor i523.

ing indicating means for indicating that the governor has been moved to load taking position.

Other objects of the invention reside in the novel combination and arrangement of parts and in the details of construction hereinafter illustrated and/or described.

In the drawings:

Figs. 1A and 1B show a wiring diagram illustrating an embodiment of my invention.

Fig. 2 is an elevational View of the face of one of the meters used in the invention shown in Fig. 1.

My invention is intended for the trol and operation of a sub-station for generating electrical energy. Such an installation usually includes a distribution line or network fed by a number of sub-stations having individually operated generators therein. In the operation of such systems, it becomes desirable to control and operate the sub-stations from a certain control station. Such a control station may be situated at one of the power plants or at an entirely different locality. In the particular installation shown in the drawings, the control station is illustrated as located along the distribution line.

For the purpose of illustrating the application of the invention, I have shown a distribution line which has been designated by the reference characters DL, the three phases thereof being marked 2 and 3. In a similar manner a generator line has been shown which is indicated by the reference characters GL and its phases referred to by numerals I, 2 and t. The generator line is provided with a circuit breaker C by means of which the same may be directly connected to the distribution line DL. The distribution line as shown in Fig. 1 is at the right of the generator line. At the left of the generator line is shown a service line SL having phases 1, 2 and 3 which serve the local demand desired to be taken care of by the generator.

remote con- The source of current for the generator line GL consists of a three phase synchronous generator 45 which is provided with a three-phase armature 46 directly connected to the phases 8, 2 and 3 of the generator line. This generator may be driven through any suitable source of power such as steam, electricity, or water. In the present disclosure a turbine having a water wheel diagrammatically designated at W2 is employed which may be of any suitable type. The flow of water to this water wheel is controlled through a governor lilll which will be presently described in detail. The generator 45 further includes a field coil 41 which is separately ex cited from an exciter 48.

The exciter 48 comprises an armature 49, a series field coil 53, and a shunt field coil 5!. These parts are connected to the generator field coil 4'! and other equipment as follows: One side of the series field coil 5i! is connected through a conductor H6 with one side of the armature 49. The other side of the exciter series coil is connected by a conductor H5 to the shunt exciter field coil 5|, and also to the field coil ii The other side of the field coil 47 is connected through a conductor 220 to a rheostat 39 which is further connected through a conductor 22!, a conductor I98 and another conductor it? to the other side of the exciter armature 49. The shunt field coil 5| of exciter 48 is connected through a conductor H 4 and through other conductors H3 and lid with a rheostat 38. A conductor Ii I is connected to rheostat 38 which in turn is connected to a conductor I09 leading from a resistance 31. The resistance 37 is connected to the conductor Hi8 whereby it finally finds a return to the armature .9 through conductor I01. This completes the exciter circuits which operate in the customary manner and which are controlled through the rheostats 33 and 39 to produce the desired voltage across the field coil 41 of generator 45.

In Fig. 1, at the upper right hand corner, a dotted line indicated by reference character 223 will be found. All of the equipment and apparatus to the left of and below this line is located in the sub-station where the generator 45 is situated. All of the apparatus to the right of and above this line is located in the control station which is remotely disposed from the substation.

For the purpose of starting the turbine Hi2 the governor N30 is employed. This governor may be of any desired type. For the purpose of illustration, the governor shown is of the centrifugal type having fly balls adapted to control suitable valves to introduce fluid under pressure from a tank 232 through a pipe line and into a cylinder 234. The fly balls operate against the pressure of a spring whose tension may be varied by the rotation of a shaft 24!! driven from an electric motor 25. When the shaft 250 rotates in one direction the pressure exerted by the spring is lessened to cause a decrease in gate opening and when the shaft 240 is rotated in the other direction the pressure of said spring is increased to cause an increased gate opening. The motor 25 is adapted to be rotated in either direction through two separate circuits energizing the same. The cylinder 234 has the usual piston therein (not shown) which is connected to a piston rod 235 which operates a cross head 99 slidable in the guide 236. The cross head 99 has pivotally connected to it a connecting rod 23'! which is pivoted to a crank 238. The crank 238 is secured to a shaft I01 directly connected to the gate (not shown) which controls the flow of water to the water wheel or prime mover I92.

The governor i351 includes a limit lever 239 which independently limits the movement of the valve control apparatus operated by the fly balls the subsequent opening of the gate controlling the flow of water to the water wheel. When this lever is depressed, the ultimate gate opening is greater than when the lever is raised and when the lever 2 59 is raised the maximum amount, the gate is completely shut and the water wheel deprived of water.

The starting and stopping of the prime mover 32 is accomplished through the limit lever 23%! of the governor I99 which in turn controls the gate opening. This is accomplished by means a bell crank 98 pivoted to a bracket 242 on the governor proper. This bell crank has pivoted to it a slotted link 24! which engages a pin 24% along the lever 239. When the bell crank 98 is SWLlIlg to bring the link 24! in alignment with the arm thereof to which the same is connected, the lever 239 is raised an amount sufficient to cause the complete closure of the gate. When the bell crank 98 is released, the link MI is lowered and the length of the slot therein is sufficient to permit the lever 239 to function in its ordinary intended manner without interference. For swinging the bell crank 98, a solenoid i9 is employed whose plunger is pivotally connected to said bell crank. The bell crank 98 is normally held in the position shown in Fig. 1 through a tension coil spring 244 and may be moved into its freeing position through the action of the solenoid H].

To bring the generator up to synchronous speed as rapidly as possible and to prevent the same from passing synchronous speed a device is employed which becomes effective prior to the action of the fly balls and operates in a positive manner to limit the speed of the generator. This device comprises alatch lever 26 provided with a catch 245 at the end thereof adapted to engage the limit lever 239 to hold the same at a position which would produce substantially synchronous speed of the generator. This latch lever is normally so positioned that the catch 245 thereof lies in the path of movement of the lever 239 and serves to limit the downward movement of said lever when the bell crank 98 is released through the solenoid IS. The latch lever I26 may be operated through a solenoid 44 to withdraw the catch 245 thereon from the path of movement of the latch 239 so as to permit said lever operating in its intended manner when the governor is under control of the fly balls.

To cause the generator to take on load after same has been synchronized and connected to the distribution system, a solenoid H is employed which is connected to a lever 245. This lever serves to increase the pressure exerted by the spring on the fly balls and cause a corresponding opening of the gate. The lever 249 is so arranged that an increase of pressure on the spring occurs when the solenoid H is energized.

For regulating the load taken by the generator, a slotted shaft 24'! is employed which is slidably connected through a pin 252 to the lever 239. This shaft is threaded at 243. A bevel gear 249 is screwed upon the threads 2:38 of shaft 247 and may be driven through a bevel gear 250. The bevel gear 250 is mounted upon a shaft 25! which is driven from a motor '13. The motor 13 is provided with two circuits so that the same may be rotated in either direction whereby the shaft 241 may be raised and lowered to provide the desired stop for limiting the movement of the limit lever 239. For terminating the operation of the motor 73, two limit switches 19 and H are provided which are connected in the respective circuits controlling this motor. These switches are disposed in the path of movement of an arm 253 secured to the shaft 241' and stop the motor when the limit lever 239 has arrived at the proper setting.

In the operation of power plants, it frequently becomes desirable to cause the generator to assume a predetermined load less than its maximum load. In order to be able to accomplish this result automatically, I provide a swinging lever 254 which is pivoted to some suitable support. This lever may be reoiprooated through a solenoid I4 whose plunger is pivoted to said lever. Pivoted to the limit lever 239 is a screw 255 which passes loosely through the lever 254. This screw has threaded upon it a nut 256 which when the lever 299 reaches the predetermined position engages the lever 254 and limits the further movement of said lever thereby holding the gate at a suitable opening to cause the generator to take the proper portion of the load. When the solenoid is ole-energized the screw 2% is free from said lever and said limit lever 239 may operate independently thereof as previously described.

For providing power for operating the various devices utilized both in the control station and in the sub-station, a number of transformers are employed. A transformer 51 having a primary 51F and a secondary 515 is situated in the control station and is connected across phases 2 and 3 of the distribution line DL. This transformer furnishes remote control current for actuating the various apparatus situated in the sub-station. In the sub-station a transformer 60 is employed which is constructed with a primary $6? and a secondary Eds. The primary MP is directly connected across phases 2 and 3 of the distribution line DL. This transformer furnishes station control current for operating certain of the control devices of the invention. In addition to these transformers, another transformer I! is employed which is situated in the sub-station and which is provided with a primary HTP and a secondary HIS. The primary I MP of this transformer is connected to phases 2 and 3 of the generator line GL. This transformer serves to provide generator potential for operating the synchronizing mechanism of the invention and for other purposes to be subsequently explained. One side of the secondary 69S of transformer 66 and one side of the secondary HIS of transformer H? are connected together through a common bus 90 from which a number of the devices to be hereinafter described receive power. This bus is shown in heavy lines in Fig. 1. The other side of the secondary 603 is connected to a bus ltd which I have termed the station control bus. The other side of secondary HIS of transformer i ii is connected to a bus H8 which I have termed a generator potential bus. In tracing the various circuits of the invention, the circuits will be traced from and to these various buses without reference being made to the source of power connected thereto.

For controlling the operation of the system from the control station, a remote control line 65 is employed which runs parallel with the distribution line and connects the sub-station with the control station. This remote control line comprises a single conductor which is connected at its ends to phase 3 of the distribution line DL, which forms a return for the same. In this line is inserted the secondary 558 of a step-up transformer 56 which is located in the control station, and also the primary of step-down transformer 59. When voltage is impressed upon the primary 56F of step-up transformer 56, the same is transmitted through the line 65 and phase 3 of distribution line DL to the step-down transformer One side of the secondary 59S of step-down transformer 59 is connected to the common bus 90 of transformers ii! and Gil while the other side of the secondary of this transformer is connected to a bus 65 which I have termed a remote control bus. The current delivered by the transformer 59 serves to operate certain parts of the equipment as will subsequently be more fully described.

For providing voltage for the stepmp transformer 55, a circuit It! is employed which includes the primary 5GP of step-up transformer 56 and which is connected across the secondary 518 of the transformer 51. This circuit also includes a starting switch H34, and a resistance 8% the function of which will be subsequently explained in detail. In the starting of the sub-station, it is hence merely necessary to close switch I84 which impresses voltage upon the primary 5GP of transformer 55 which in turn energizes transformer 59 delivering power to the common bus as and the remote control bus 68 in the substation. The various devices operated thereby are then automatically set into operation as will be presently explained to perform the various functions for which they are intended.

In the remote control line and within the sub-station is located a two-way switch 25 which is provided with two contacts 26A and 2613. The contact 26B is connected in the line 65 so that when the switch 26 is operated to close this contact, the line 65 is closed. The other contact 26A is connected through a conductor 224 with phase 2 of distribution line DL and serves to energize the transformer 59 directly from the distribution line. Switch 26 is manually operated and is for the purpose of permitting the control of the substation either from the sub-station or from the control station. In the subsequent description of the invention, the switch 25 has been assumed as closing contact 26B so that the station may be operated by remote control.

In the operation and control of the sub-station at the control station, certain of the desired results are accomplished by impressing various voltages upon the primary 55F of transformer 56 which in turn are caused to operate different potential relays, each set to become operative at certain different voltages. For procuring the desired voltage upon the primary 5GP of the step-up transformer 55, the resistance 86, previously referred to, is employed. This resistance is divided into a number of sections which may be shunted through a number of shunting switches 82, 83, 84 and 85. By closing any one of these switches a different potential may be secured whereby the various devices will be operated.

The remote control bus 65 is connected to a branch bus BBB through a number of parallel switches 12, 28 and H2. The switch 28 is a manual switch and is used when the switch 26 is connected to close contact 26A and when the sub-station is to be controlled manually at the sub-station. The switch '52 is a clock control switch and is adapted to connect branch bus 66B to bus 66 at any predetermined time for which the clock may be set and also serves to open the circuit at any other predetermined time for which the clock may be set. This switch is connected through conductors 225 to the remote control bus 66 and to the branch bus 66B. The switch H2 is part of a potential relay H which includes a potential coil H! by means of which the relay is operated and also another switch H3 for a different purpose to be later described. The switch H2 is connected through conductors 22? and 228 with the bus 5% so that all three of these switches are in parallel and may operate to connect the branch bus to the remote control bus. The potential coil HI is con nected to the remote control bus E5 through the conductor 221'. This coil is further connected through a conductor I63 with the common 90. When the proper voltage is impressed upon the primary 5GP of the transformer 56 by the closing of the proper switch shorting the resistance 86, potential coil Hi is energized and draws the pointer thereof toward the right to close switch H2 and to connect branch bus etB to remote control bus 66, In this manner control may be had in the sub-station either by remote control or through the clock switch or by the manual switch.

For the purpose of controlling the operation of fihe sub-station and the starting of the generator and the connecting the same into the distribution line, a or master relay is utilized which is indicated in its entirety at M. This relay ineludes six normally open switches M2, M3, M4, M5, M? and M9 and a normally closed switch M8, the use of which will be presently described. Relay M is operated through a circuit which is energized by the control circuit from the control station through switch I84. This relay controls numerous circuits which will be presently described in detail. When this circuit is opened all of the apparatus in sub-station is disconnected and the sub-station shut down.

For the purpose of connecting the generator line GL to the distribution line DL, a circuit breaker C is employed. This circuit breaker may be of any desired type and is provided with a coil Cl by means of which the same is operated, and with three switches C2, C3 and C4,, These switches are of suitable design to carry the current from the generator and are adapted to connect the generator line C-L to thedistribution line DL. In additionto these switches the circuit breaker C is provided with two other switches C5 and CE, which have individual functions to be later described in detail. The circuit breaker C is normally urged into open position through gravity or a spring (not shown), and is adapted to be held in closed position through a, U

latch relay L having a coil LI and a normally closed switch L2. The plunger L3 of this relay is adapted to engage a latch lug L4 on the circuit breaker C which serves to hold the same in closed position. When the coil L2 is energized, the plunger L3 thereof comes into engagement with the latch L4 and holds the relay closed. At the same time, the switch L2 is opened. In the particular system, a number of switches are required to be closed upon closure of the circuit breaker. Due to the impracticability of multiplying the switches on the circuit breaker, an auxiliary relay J has been employedwhich is provided with a coil J I, three normally open switches J 2, J4 and J5, and a normally closed switch J3.

The coil J i of this switch is connected through a conductor E55 with the common bus 90v and through another conductor I54 with switch C6 of circuit breaker C. This switch is connected irough a conductor I20 with conductor II9, which conductor is connected to the switch M! of main relay M. Switch M7 in turn is connected to bus H3 from transformer III. It hence becomes apparent that as soon as the circuit breaker is closed, switch J is operated, closing the various switches thereon and operating to supple ment the action of the circuit breaker. It is to be noted that relay J is operated from the potential of transformer II'I so that this relay does not go on unless the generator is in operation and producing sufiicient potential to actuate said relay.

For the purpose of synchronizing the generator with the distribution line, an ordinary synchroscope is employed which is diagrammatically indicated at I3 in the drawings. This synchroscope may be of any desired type and is provided with two coils I4 and I5 operating in the usual manner. The synchroscope I3 is furthcr provided with a shaft I32 which has mounted on it, two discs 22 and 23 of insulating material. The disc 2?. is provided with a contact 33I which is disposed on a fiat spot of said disc. The disc 23 is provided with a contact 58. Operating in conjunction with contact 33I is a roller I-I which is swingably mounted to follow the contour of the disc 22. The movement of this roller in following the surface of the disc 22 is retarded through a dash pot or similar timing device indicated at 33%. When the disc 22 rotates at the proper speed, the roller Il may follow the fat spot 55 and make contact with the contact 33L When, however, the disc 22 travels too fast the roller I? on leaving the circular portion ofthe periphery of the disc 22 moves inwardly toward the flat spot 55 but does not reach said fiat spot until the contact 33I has already passed the position at which it might have been engaged by said roller. Operating in conjunction with disc 23 are two rollers 2I and I8 spaced 185 apart which are alternately adapted to engage the contact 53.

. .For starting the synchronizing device, a synchronizing relay S is employed which comprises a coil SI and two normally open contacts S2 and S3. In addition to this relay, a safety relay SA is employed and an auxiliary relay SB which operate the circuit breaker C after synchronism has been attained. The relay SA comprises a coil SAI and three normally open contacts 8A2, SA3 and SA4. The relay SB comprises a coil SBI and two normally open contacts S32 and SEE.

The various devices of the synchronizer are connected together as follows. Current for operating the synchronizer I3 is had from transformer I I1 and from transformer 59. A conductor 3 30 is connected to the bus I54 and to one side of switch S3. Another conductor I29 leads from the other side of this switch and to one side of coil I5. Both coils I4 and I5 are connected together and are connected through a conductor 3M to the common bus 9i). Through this circuit, potential is had for coil I5 from transformer 6GP. In like manner a conductor I28 is connected to coil I l and to another conductor I2! which in turn is connected to switch S2 and through a conductor HQ with switch M? of main relay M which in turn is directly coonnected to bus: II8 leading from transformer II I. When relays M and S are closed, current is provided for both coils I 4 and I5 and the synchroscope actuated, which rotates shaft I32.

The relay S is operated through the following circuit. A conductor 523 connects coil Si with the common bus 90. Another conductor I22 connects the other side of coil SI with switch 43 on governor list. This switch is a centrifugally operated switch controlled through the fly balls of the governor and becomes operative to close the circuit through coil Si when the generator reaches substantially synchronous speed. A conductor lZI connects switch 13 with switch L2 of latch relay L which switch has connected to it a conductor I213 which is connected to ccnductor H9, said latter conductor being connected to switch M? and through conductor I58 to transformer Iii. Since switch L2 is normally closed, closure of switch #3 when the governor comes up to speed and after the main relay M is closed, actuates coil SI and closes contacts S2 and S3. At the same time a shunt circuit is completed through a conductor I25 leading from conductor IE2 at the governor and connected to the common bus 80. This circuit includes the magnet M which releases the latch I26 operating in conjunctionwith the limit lever 239 controllingthe oil valves of the governor IGii. The latch I26 serves as a limit for controlling the opening of the gate to bring about a predetermined no-load speed of the generator. As soon as such speed is attained, the switch 43 closes and the magnet 44 energized. This causes the latch I28 to be disengaged permitting the fly balls of the governor to control the subsequent operation of the generator.

During the operation of the synchroscope I3, shaft I32 is driven which rotates the revoluble members 22 and 23. In the position of these revoluble members at which synchronism last occurred roller it is so positioned with reference to the contact 58 on revoluble member 23 as to be opened. After shaft I32 has rotated sufficiently to bring said contact in position to be engaged by said roller, a circuit through said contact and roller may be traced. This circuit includes a conductor iiil which is connected to switch S2 and derives energy from transformer I I! through conductors lid and lit. A conductor I35 connects this conductor with another conductor I3I which is directly connected to the shaft I32. Shaft I32 in turn is connected to both contacts 33I and 58. A conductor I3! leads from roller I8 to switch SA2 and connects with the coil SAI of relay SA through another conductor I38. This coil is connected through a conductor 3-32 with the common 99. Closure of this circuit operates relay SA which closes switches SA2, SA3 and 3A4. A conductor I35 is connected to conductor i3l and to switch SA2 maintains the circuit through coil SAI and holds the relay closed. Upon closure of these various circuits speed matching commences.

Upon the shaft I32 is mounted a contact 24 which in turn is frictionally driven through said shaft and which is adapted to move in either direction depending upon the rotation of the shaft. This contact is adapted to engage either of two fixed contacts I9 or 26 disposed on either side thereof. When once the contact 24 engages one of these contacts it slips relative to the shaft and maintains the circuit therethrough closed during the rotation of the shaft in the particular direction. These contacts control the operation of the motor 25. This motor is reversible and may be constructed with separate windings for rotating the armature thereof in either direction or other reversing means may be en ployed. The contact I9 is connected through a conductor I33 with one of the windings of motor 25. The contact 20 is similarly connected through a conductor I35 with the other winding of the motor 25. The common terminal of motor 25 is connected through a conductor I34 with the switch 8A4 which in turn is connected through a conductor I35 with the common bus 9%. As soon as the synchroscope I3 is actuated, the same commences to rotate, rotation being in one direction or the other depending upon whether the generator frequency is above or below that of the distribution system. In either event one or the other of the contacts I9 or 20 is engaged by contact 2t. Assuming the contact 2 3 to be in contact with contact It the current flows from the transformer IIT through various circuits connected therewith and previously described, through shaft I32, through contact 2%, through contact I9, through conductor I33, through one of the windings of motor 25, through conductor I34, through switch SA i, through conductor I35 to the common bus 90. Motor 25 is now rotated to adjust the spring tension upon the fly balls of governor I80 and to adjust said governor to cause the generator to pick up speed or slow down as may be required until the frequency of the generator is the same as that of the distribution system. Where the differences in frequencies is opposite from that described, the contact 24 will move in the oppositedirection to engage contact 20 which is connected with conductor I35 with the other winding of the motor 25. This reverses the motor and reverses the tension upon the governor spring causing the governor to function in exactly the opposite manner. In this manner the speed of the generator is varied until the frequencies of the generator and the distribution line are the same.

The roller I1 is connected through a conductor I40 with the switch SA3 which is connected through a conductor I4I with coil SBI and also switch SBZ of relay SB. This coil is further connected through conductor I42 with the common bus 9!]. This roller I'I operates as follows: As previously brought out, switch I! is time controlled through the dash pot 334 or a similar timing device and is adapted to make contact with the contact 33I on rotary member 22 only when said member rotates at a sufiiciently slow rate of speed. When such condition occurs, current may (be traced from the conductor I21 through conductor I30, conductor I3I, shaft I32, contact 33I, roller II, conductor I40, switch SA3, conductor MI, through coil SBI and conductor I42 back to the common bus 90. This energizes relay SB closing contacts SBZ and S133. The contact SE2 of relay SB is connected through a conductor I43 with roller 2|. The other side of this switch is connected to conductor I4I. Switch S133 is connected through a conductor I44 with the bus II8 leading from transformer Ill. The other side of this switch is connected through a conductor I45 with the coil CI of circuit breaker C. The other side of coil CI is connected through a conductor I56 With the common bus 90. When the relay SB is closed a circuit is also closed from shaft I32 through contact 58, roller 2I, through conductor I43, through switch SBZ and through conductor MI, providing a shunt circuit for maintaining relay SB closed. The peripheral extent of the contact 33I on member 22 closing roller I! is very short to give precision in the closing of the circuit breaker at synchronism. To give sufiicient time for the performance of this function, the contact 58 on rotary member 23 engaging roller 2I, is somewhat longer, giving sufficient time to close the circuit breaker. The time procured is just sufiicient to initially close the circuit break er and in the event that the circuit breaker for any reason, such as the occurrence of a surge in the line does not close, the current through relay SB is not maintained, and said relay opens, requiring a repetition of the procedure. When, however, conditions are proper, current is established through the coil CI of circuit breaker C for a sufiicient length of time to cause the closing of this circuit breaker and the latching of the same in closed position. The circuit for this purpose may be traced as follows: Commencing with conductor IIB from secondary ills of transformer III, a circuit maybe traced through conductor I45, through coil CI and through conductor I46 back to the common bus 90. This closes the circuit breaker.

Operation of the circuit breaker closes switch G5, which operates the latch relay L. The oil"- cuit for the operation of this relay derives energy from the exciter 48. This circuit includes two relays? and K whose functions will be later more fully described. The relay K comprises a coil KI and two normally closed switches K2 and K3. The relay F comprises a coil Fl and two normally open switches F2 and F3 and is controlled through a dash pot F4. The coil Li of relay L is connected to the exciter "48 through a conductor Nil. This coil is further connected to switch C5 of the circuit breaker C through a conductor 558. A conductor M9 connects switch C5 with switch K2 while another conductor 58 connects the latter switch with switch F. Switch F3 is connected to the exciter 53 through a conductor I52. The latch operating circuit may be traced as follows: Commencing with line It? leading from armature 49 of exciter 4-8, the current passes through conductor I47, through coil Ll of relay L, through conductor M8, through switch C5, through conductor its, through switch K2, through conductor i rhl, through switch F3 which is closed when provided with local operating current, through conductor lei and back to conductor I52, which is connected to the series field winding 59 of exciter :8. This energizes the latch relay L operating said latch to hold the circuit breaker 0 closed. At the same time switch L2 is opened. The opening of switch L2 de-energizes relay S opening switches S2 and S3.

The closure 01 the circuit breaker C in addition to closing switch C5 also closes switch This completes a circuit as follows: Commencing with conductor H8 connected to transformer H'l, current flows through switch Ml, through conductor H9, through conductor 2213, through conductor I53, through switch CE, through conductor E54, through coil J I of relay J, through conductor I55, and back to the common 58. This operates relay J closing switches J2, J4 and J5 and opening switch J3. Relay J is auxiliary to the circuit breaker C and simply serves to provide additional switches which might, if desired, be directly or mechanically operated through the circuit breaker instead of electrically as shown.

Before the generator can be started, it becomes necessary that certain conditions in the plant occur which are assured through a number of protective devices. Certain of these devices open normally closed switches when the required condition does not exist and other of these devices close normally open switches when the reqlured condition ceases. The former of these switches are all included in the master relay circuit which I have termed a protective circuit and which extends between the remote control branch bustliB and the common bus 9% This circuit includes various conductors which will presently be described.

Among the protective devices included in the protective circuit is an anti-start device which serves the purpose of preventing automatic reconnection of the plant in the event that the plant has been shut down through failure of any of the parts thereof or .through operation of any of the protective devices. By means of this antistart device it becomes necessary to de-energize the control circuit either at the control station or at the power plant before the unit can again be started and connected to the system. This is for the purpose of giving the operator supervision in starting. This device comprises a relay A which I have termed an anti-start relay which includes a coil Al, a normally closed switch A2 and two normally open switches A3 and A4. The normally closed switch A2 is in the protective circuit and is connected by a conductor 6! to the branch bus 663 and by a. conductor 93 to the switch M5 of relay M. The coil Al of this relay is connected through a conductor 92 with the common bus to and is further connected through a conductor 9| with switch M5 of main relay M. The switch M5 of main relay M is in turn directly connected to the branch bus 65B through a conductor 229. The switch A2 is normally closed and when the other conditions requisite to the energization of the main relay coil MI 00- our, so as to close the other switches in the protective circuit, the main relay is operated and the various normally open switches thereof closed. When switch M5 of main relay M is closed, a circuit is established through coil Al which closes the relay A. Upon closure of this relay the current is established and the relay maintained encrgized through the switch A3. This switch shunts the switch M5 and is connected through a conductor 230 .to conductor 9| and switch M5, and through the conductor 67 with the branch bus 563. The protective circuit is maintained clos d through the switch M which serves as a maintaining switch and which shunts the switch AZ. This switch is connected through the conductor 93 with switch A2 and through another conductor 23I with the branch bus 663. As soon as the master relay is closed, the circuit so procured is maintained through this switch and the switch A2 opened. Switches M5 and M4 are so set that M4 closes before M5. In the event that the generator is shut down for any of a number of causes through the various protective devices, the protective circuit is opened and the coil Ml becomes de-energized and the main relay opens. At the same time the maintaining switch M4 is opened and the circuit shunting switch A2 opened. It the cause of the shut down was only momentary as for example an overload or surge on the line, the system would immediately tend to become automatically reinstated. However, relay A prevents this since the switch A2 is now open, due to the maintaining of the relay A energized through its own maintaining switch A3.

Only by opening the starting switch I84 and depriving the bus 65 of potential will the relay AI become deenergized and the system placed in condition to be again started.

In the event that the generator is not connected to the line within a reasonable length of time due to failure of any source whatsoever, a protective device is employed which opens the protective circuit, energizing the coil Ml of main relay M which immediately de-energizes the enwtire system. This device comprises a relay B which includes a coil B! for operating the plung er thereof and a normally closed switch B2. The relay B is time controlled through a dash pot B3 which may be set to give any desired timing for the opening of the switch B2. The coil BI of switch 13 is connected through a conductor IBI with a switch Y2 of a relay Y, which switch is further connected through a conductor I82 with a conductor i'lli leading from switch M9 of master relay M. The other side of the coil BI is connected through a conductor l83 with the common bus 99. Switch Y2 being a normally closed switch current is provided for coil Bl immediately upon closing of the master relay M through switch M9 thereof. A force is then exerted by the coil Bl tending to open the switch B2. The dash pot B3 is so designed that switch B2 remains closed for a predetermined length of time after which said switch is opened. B2 as previously described is connected in the circuit controlling the coil Ml of master relay M so that upon opening of this switch the master relay M is dc-energized and the entire system disconnected. When the circuit breaker .is finally cut in, relay Y is operated as will be later described in detail, which opens switch Y2 de-energizing coil El and allowing the switch B2 to remain closed. In this manner the circuit controlling the coil Ml remains completed throughout the permissible length of time during which the generator should be connected to the distribution line.

In the event that no station control current is available from transformer 60 due to break down of the transformer or for any other reason, it becomes desirable to prevent the starting of the generator and the subsequent synchronizing and cutting in of the same. For this purpose the relay F previously referred to is employed.

This relay, as stated, is time controlled and includes an operating coil Fl, two normally open switches F2 and F3 and a time delay mechanism F4 in the nature of a dash pot or similar device. The coil Fl is connected through a conductor I85 with the potential side I64 of the secondary 69S of .the transformer Ell. The other side of the coil Fl is connected through a conductor 35 with the common 90 of said transformer. As long as there is potential across the secondary 60S of transformer 69, coil Fl is energized. The switch F2 of relay F is connected in the protective circuit MP previously described, which as soon as station control current is available, becomes closed through the coil Fl. This completes the circuit through the coil Ml of main relay M which operates as intended. Switch F3 is connected in the circuit containing the coil Ll of the latch relay L. When switch F3 is opened, this coil is deprived of current which releases the latch to permit the circuit breaker to open. It will hence become apparent that upon depriving the coil Fl of relay F of energy that both the relay M and the circuit breaker C are opened thereby completely de-energizing all of the apparatus in the generator station when station control cur-- rent is not available.

In conjunction with the governor lliil, I employ further protective devices which include three switches 48, dl and t2 which are adapted to be operated when the generator reaches certain speeds. The switch M is a normally closed switch while the switches 40 and 42 are normally open. These switches have operatively connected to them, rollers Hit] and lfil and 258 which are adapted to be engaged by a cam member 159 movable with the cross head 99 of the governor I and in a direction parallel with the movement of said cross head. The switch it is an underspeed switch and the switch 4| is an overspeed switch and the rollers I60 and ltd of said switches are so positioned that the cam engages to operate the same at speeds below and above synchronous speed.

The overspeed switch ll is connected in the protective circuit. This switch is connected through a conductor l with a conductor 69 which is in turn connected through conductors l6 and 2G! with switch J 3 on relay J. Switch J 3 is also in the protective circuit and in series with switch 4|. This switch being a normally closed switch permits the current to flow through the protective circuit and operate main relay M. However, if latch 245 should fail to function to limit the speed of the generator in starting, switch 4| would become operated when the governor was opened sufilciently to cause cam liil to engage roller l6l and thereby open the protective circuit. To permit the generator to take on load, the switch J2 of relay J is employed. This switch shunts the switch 4 i, being connected to the conductor and to the conductor 76 through a conductor both the conductors l5 and it leading from the switch 4 l. After the circuit breaker C has been closed the relay J becomes operative, as previously described, and switch J2 is closed. The generator may then take on load without opening the protective circuit through switch H.

The underspeedswitch 49 is also in the protective circuit in series with the other switches and is connected through a conductor 258 with con ductor 15. This switch is further connected through a conductor 259 with conductor 26E] leading up to switch 32 to be presently referred to. Inasmuch as the switch is a normally open switch, it becomes necessary to shunt this switch with a normally closed switch in order to complete the circuit through the protective circuit when the system is being started. For this purpose, switch J3 is employed, which is normally closed and. which is connected through a conductor H with both of the conductors 259 and 2%. This switch is further, connected through a conductor 25? with conductor "a8 leading to the other side of switch 'lfl. As soon as the system is started, cam H9 moves into engagement with roller ltfi and closes switch is. Then after the circuit breaker is closed, and relay J closed, switch J3 opens. If, for any reason, after the generator is started the speed thereof drops below the minimum speed for which switch 5!] is set, switch h] opens and breaks the protective circuit disconnecting the entire system.

To protect against failure of pressure in the oil reservoir 232, a pressure responsive device 26H is employed which is connected. to the oil reservoir 232, which provides the power for operating the valves of the governor lflfl. This device may be in the nature of a latch or other similar device and is adapted to move a switch 27 into closing position when the pressure in reservoir reaches a predetermined number of pounds and maintains said switch closed as long as suificient pressure occurs in reservoir Upon failure of pressure within this reservoir, the switch 2"! opens. Switch 21 is connected in the protective circuit and is connected through a conductor 3'! with switch K3 and through another conductor 83 with the coil Ml of relay M, which in turn is connected through a conductor 3.) with the commo 96. l 1. 'I'l In addition to the various previously mentioned protective feataures of my invention, I employ an overload device, a shut-clown device, and a reverse power device, all of which disconnect the generator from the distribution system. These devices differ from the other protective devices in that they operate to close circuits instead of opening circuits. For this reason an auxiliary relay is required throughv which these devices operate. This relay is the relay K which as previously stated, includes a coil KI, and two normally closed switches K2 and K3. Switch K2 is connected in the latch circuit for the circuit breaker C and upon the coil Kl being energized, opens said circuit and releases the circuit breaker. Switch K3 is included in the protective circuit and serves to de-energize the main relay M, meanwhile depriving the entire system of potential in the event of the operation of these three protective devices. These devices control the energization of the coil KI of relay K and will now be described in detail:

The overload protective device is indicated at O and includes two normally open switches 03 and 06. These switches are each operated by their own coils Oi and 02. Both of these coils connected together through a common conductor 138 which is connected to the coil Ni of a relay N. The function of this part of the device will be presently described in detail. Coil NI is connected through a conductor I85 with two current transformers I90 and HM, which are enerthrough phases I and 3 of the generator line GL respectively. The transformer I90 is connected through a conductor I92 with coil 02 while the transformer I9I is connected through a conductor I93 with the coil OI. When an overload ccurs on line GL, sufiicient current flows through the coils OI and O2 to close either or both of the switches 03 and 04. The two switches 63 and d are connected in parallel across two conductors I94 and I25 The conductor I95 is connected to a conductor is; which in turn is connected to coil K! of relay K. The other side of this coil is connected through a conductor IS? with the common bus 530. The other conductor i514 of relay 0 is connected to conductor I55. The other side of switch J is connected to the bus When an overload occurs, either or both of switches 03 and 04 are closed which completes a circuit through coil K! of relay K. This relay as previously descri ed, disconnects the latch from the circuit breaker so as to release the circuit breaker and at the same time deenergizes main relay M.

To prevent the generator 45 from running as a motor which might occur in the event that the eXciter potential failed to come or in the event that power in the line GL should flow toward the generator 45 instead of from it as might occur if the frequency of the distribution line should be increased, the reverse power device, previously referred to, is employed. This device includes a watt meter R which is of the indicating and which is provided with a potential coil RI and a current coil R2. v'vatt mete R also includes two switches R3 and R4 operated through the pointer R5 of the watt ieter which are adapted to be closed upon power flowing in the line GL in opposite directions. The current coil of watt meter R is included in a circuit I95 which also includes a current transformer I99 connected in phase 2 of line GL. One side of the potential coil RI of this relay is connected through a conductor 2% directly to the common 95?. The other side of this poten tial coil is connected through a conductor I to conductor I 44 which in turn is directly connected to the potential side of secondary IIIS of transformer HI. The switch R3 of relay R operates to energize coil KI of relay K and thereby disconnect the generator from the system when the power in line GL flows in reverse direction. By adjusting the particular contact with which the pointer R5 of the watt meter comes in contact to form switch R3 the relay B may be adjusted to perform the same function at a fractional part of the load instead of when the power in the line is reversed. In either case when the system we to be started, the pointer might be disposed so as to close switch which would be the position it would be most apt to be in when it was last in operation. In such case it would be impossible to close circuit breaker C, since the circuit controlling relay K would be closed and the latch circuit open. To guard against this, the switch Rd is employed and before the circuit through R3 can be completed, it is necessary that the pointer move toward the right to close the switch B4. Toward this end, an auxiliary relay Y is employed whose construction and function will now be described in detail:

This relay is provided with a coil Yi, a normally closed switch Y2,' and two normally open switches Y3 and Y l. The various switches of meter and relay Y are connected as follows. The switch 34 is connected through a conductor with the coil YI. This coil is connected through conductor 253 with the common $53. A conductor connects one side of the switch Y4 with the conductor 2E2. The pointer R5, op crating between switches R3 and Rd, is connected through a conductor 2% with the conductor res previously referred to and which controls the relay KI. A conductor 25% connects the other side of the switch Yd with the concluster 2%. Switch R3 is connected through a conductor 2%? to one side of the switch The other side of this switch is connected through a conductor 298 with the conductor E95. The operation of this device is as follows: Assuming the pointer R5 in its normal position, which might be midway between the two contacts of switches R3 or R4 or in contact with switch R3. A circuit through switch R3 normally would be broken through switch Y3. It hence becomes necessary to operate relay Y before this circuit can be closed to permit the reverse power or fractional power feature to come into operation. When the circuit breaker is out in and the generator 35 delivers power, the pointer R5 of watt meter R moves to the right through the action of the current coil R2 and the potential coil RI thereof ciosing switch A circuit may now be traced as follows: Commencing with conductor I as which is connected through switch J5 and through bus It"? with secondary 69S of transformer 69, current flows through conductor 205 through switch through conductor 292 through coil Yl and through conductor 233 back to the common 98. This energizes relay Y opening switch Y2 and closing switches Y3 and Y4. The switch Y4 shunts switch Rd and serves to maintain the relay Y closed. The closing of switch Y3 now completes the circuit including conductors 265, 2%! and 238 excepting through switch R3. When the power reverses or reaches the predetermined minimum, pointer R5 operates to close switch R3, which, the same as in case of the overload device 0, energizes the coil K! of relay K and operates this relay to deenergize the main relay M and the latch relay L. The entire system is thus de-energized and the generator stopped.

In the operation of the plant, it frequently occurs that trash accumulates upon the trash rack or grating to such an extent as to lower the elevation of the water within the fiume leading down to the water wheel. When such conditions occur, it becomes desirable to shut down the plant until the trash has been removed and a full head of water again be procured. For this purpse, I employ a float 2l3 which is disposed within the fiume between the trash grating and the water wheel. This float carries an arm 2M which is adapted to engage stops 2I5 and M5 on two movable rods 2E8 and 2L9. The rod 2I3 is adapted, when the stop 2I thereon is engaged, to open a switch SI while the rod 2I9 is adapted to open a switch 32 when the arm 2M engages stop 2H5. Of these two switches, switch 32 serves to shut down the plant when the water level drops a sufiicient amount as determined by the stop ZIG. One side of switch 32 is connected through a conductor I8 with switch F2 of relay F forming a part of the protective circuit While the other side of this switch is connected to conductor 'I'I through conductor conductor 11 being also in the protective circuit. When the float 2I3 reaches its lowermost position, switch 32 is opened and the protective circuit broken which de-energizes a main relay M thereby depriving the system of control current. This deenergizes latch relay L unlatching the circuit breaker C which returns to normal position and disconnects the generator. At the same time solenoid It is de-energized which causes the governor to cut off the water supply and stop the water wheel.

After the generator has been synchronized and the circuit breaker closed, the governor is automatically adjusted to cause the generator to take on load. This is accomplished through the solenoid II which operates to increase the spring pressure on the fly balls and to cause the gate to open and furnish sufficient water to the turbine to cause the generator to take the desired load, This solenoid is connected to the common bus so through a conductor I58 and to the switch J4 through two conductors, I58 and I51. The circuit for operating the solenoid Il may be traced as follows. Commencing with bus 66, leading from transformer 59, the current flows through bus StB through switch J4, through conductor I56, through conductor I57, through solenoid II, through conductor I58 and back to the common bus 98. This alters the pressure on the spring acting against the fly balls and causes the cross head 99 to move to the right opening the gate controlling the flow of water to the turbine. Such movement is limited by the setting of certain stops arranged on the governor for such purpose, which have not been shown in the drawings, but are well known in the art.

As previously brought out, the operation of certain of the devices of the invention is accomplished by impressing difierent voltages upon the control line 65 to cause various potential relays to become operative, said relays operating at dif ferent potentials. For this purpose the resistance 36, previously referred to, is employed. This resistance is connected in a circuit Ifil, which is connected to the primary 65E of transformer 56. The circuit I6I also includes the secondary 5'I'S of transformer 5'! and a manually operated switch I84, by means of which the said circuit may be opened and the entire control system deprived of energy. The resistance 86 is divided in sections, which may be independently shunted through switches 82, 83, 3- and 85, previously referred to, whereby different voltages may be impressed upon the control line 65 and the various potential relays controlled by the potential of the control line operated.

The share of the load taken by the generator and contributed to the distribution system is automatically controlled and the apparatus for producing the desired results will now be described in detail: For tis purpose, a watt meter W is employed which operates in a manner to limit the gate opening and the consequential delivery of power by the generator at. This watt meter is responsive to the local demand and may be adjusted'to cause the generator to deliver a maximum amount of power when the local demand is greatest as during a peak and to deliver a minimum amount of power when the demand is least. As previously brought out, the local load is served by line SL and the current preferably furnished by generator l5. When generator 45 is unable to supply the additional power is procured from the line DL. The watt meter W is of the indicating type having a current coil W2, a potential coil W I, two fixed contacts and a movable pointer forming two switches W3 and W4 adapted to be alternately operated. The current coil W2 of watt meter W is connected in a circuit I'IiI including a current transformer I'II on phase three of the distribution line DL. The potential coil WI of the said watt meter is connected in a circuit IE2 connected across the bus I64 and common bus 99 which lead from the secondary 66S of transformer 63. The watt meter W, as stated, is of the indicating type and the construction thereof is such that its pointer moves toward the left when current flows from the distribution system to take care of the local demand and so that said pointer moves toward the right when current is being delivered by the generator 45 to the distribution system. The watt meter WI functions through a potential relay X and is set in operation by closure of one of the switches 82 to 84. Assuming now that the generator 45 is feeding back current into the distribution line DL, it would hence become desirable to reduce the load upon said generator to reserve the water for a time when the demand on the line SL would require it. In such case, the pointer of the watt meter W would move toward the right and close switch W 1. This relay comprises a potential coil X two fixed contacts and a movable pointer forming two switches, X2 and X3. These various parts are connected as follows: The current coil XI of relay X is connected through two conductors 221 and I53 with the bus 66 and with the common bus so, being thereby connected to the control line through transformer 59. The pointer of the relay X is connected through a conductor I65 with switch J 5 of relay J, which is in'turn connected to the bus IE4 from transformer (ill. The other side of the switch X2 is connected through conductor I73 with switch W3, while the other side of switch X3 is connected through conductor I66 with the pointer of the watt meter W. The other sides of switches W3 and W 4 of watt meter W are connected through two conductors i553 and I6! with the two limit switches Ill and II, controlling the operation of the motor 73. Motor 13 is further connected through conductor I58 with the common bus 90.

The operation of the watt meter W and relay X are as follows: Assuming further that the switch 83 serves to operate the potential relay X to throw the swinging pointer thereof to the right, the introduction of, the section of the resistance 86 in the circuit It! by closure of switch 83 impresses a voltage on transformer 56 through the secondary 55S thereof dependent upon the value of this section of the resistance. This voltage is transmitted through the control line I55 and is impressed upon primary MP of transformer 59, which energizes coil XI of relay X. As stated when the potential is suficient, this coil serves to move the pointer of the potential relay X toward the right, closing the switch X3. The following circuit may then be traced. Commencing with the secondary MS of the transformer Gil, current flows through bus I54, through switch J 5 which is closed when the circuit breaker is closed,

through conductor I85, through switch X3, through conductor I65, through switch W4 (which was assumed to be closed), through conductor I61, and through the limit switch 7 I, through motor I3 and through conductor I68 back to the common bus This operates motor I3 in the proper direction to lower the limit device of the governor through the gears 249 and threaded shaft 24?, closing the gate and permitting the generator to take less load. If the switch W3 were closed instead of switch W4, the same circuit would be completed through conductor I65, switch W3, conductor I59, limit switch is, motor I3 and back through conductor I58 to the common bus 913. This would rotate the motor 73 in the opposite direction and raise the limit device of the governor to open the gate permit the generator to take on more load.

In the event that it be desired to control the load taken by the generator 45 independently of the watt meter W the same can be accomplished through the potential relay X by closing contact X2 thereof. For this purpose another of the switches 82 to would be employed which may be the switch 8%. section of the resistance 86 and varies the potential across the potential coil XI of said relay X, to swing the pointer thereof to the left and close switch X2. This provides a direct connection through conductor IT3 between conductor I69 and conductor Iii-5 eliminating both switches X3 and W3. The motor 73 may now be operated independently of watt meter W to cause the generator to take on load as determined by the limit switch I0.

In the operation. of power plants, it is frequently desirable to be able to cause the power plant to handle a predetermined part of its usual load. This is accomplished through the potential relay Z. This relay comprises a potential coil ZI, a fixed contact and a movable contact which form a switch Z2. An examination of the circuits of this relay show that the potential coil Z! is connected in a circuit H4 which is connected to the secondary 598 of transformer ther connected through a conductor I78 with .o

solenoid 14, which in turn is connected through a conductor IIB with the common bus 90. When the particular switch of the switches 82 to 85 used for controlling relay Z is closed to cut in the proper portion of the resistance 8t, coil ZI becomes sufiiciently energized to close switch Z2. This completes the following circuit. Commencing with conductor I64 connected to the secondary 63S of transformer 63, current flows through switch M9 on master relay M, through conductor I75, through conductor I'll, through switch Z2, through conductor 118, through solenoid I4 and through conductor H9 and back to the common 98. Actuation of solenoid l4 raises the limit lever of the governor a suificient amount to bring about the resetting of the gate and the assumption of the predetermined portion of the load desired by the generator.

In order to shut down the station by remote control after the generator has been in normal operation, and without opening the circuit breaker when there is a load on the generator, I employ a no-load relay N which is in the nature of a watt meter. This relay is provided with a current coil NI, a potential coil N2, and a switch This switch cuts in a further N3 adapted to be closed by a pointer N-I. The potential coil N2 is connected in a circuit 209 which is directly connected across the conductors H8 and common 90 leading from the secondary IIIS of transformer Ill. l he current coil NI as previously described is connected in series with the two current transformers I98 and ISI in parallel and the two coils OI and 02 of relay 0 in parallel. The relay N is so designed that when the generator is not taking load that contact N3 is closed. As the generator produces power and takes on load, the current in the transformers I90 and ISI energize the coil N! and cause the pointer N4 to move toward the right, opening the circuit through a conductor 2H1 with the conductor I9 3, previously referred to, which in turn is connected through switch J 5 with the secondary 6&6 of the transformer Gil. The other side of the switch N3 is connected through a conductor ZII with switch M8 of master relay M. The other side of this switch is connected to a conductor 2I2 which in turn is connected to the conductor W5 and with the common 92 through coil K I. When the system is being started, switch M8 is closed, but the same circuit is opened through switch J5 so that upon starting, relay N is inoperative. However, in the subsequent connection of the generator to the system, switch M8 becomes opened as the master relay M is operated and following this, switch J 5 in the same circuit becomes closed through operation of coil Ji when the circuit breaker C is finally closed. This leaves the circuit open through both of the switches N3 and M8. If at any time, it is desired to shut down the generator 45, it is merely necessary to pull switch I 35. The remote control current is then cut off from the remote control line which re-energizes transformer 59, This immediately de-energizes solenoid it which operates the limit arm of the governor sea to cause the governor to close the gate and shut down the generator. At the same time, switch M is de-energized which closes switch MB. A circuit through switch M8 and N3 is still open, however, through switch N3 and only when the generator 45 reaches no-load will the switch N3 be closed and the circuit completed. Upon closure of both of these switches, relay K is energized which further opens the main relay feeding circuit and also opens the latch circuit releasing the latch and permitting the circuit breaker to open. In this manner the circuit breaker does not open until current ceases to flow through the same, thereby preventing arcing and avoiding straining on the generator and other equipment.

For regulating the voltage of the generator 45, a voltage regulator V is employed which may be of any standard design. In the ,wiring diagram, an ordinary vibrating type voltage regu ator has been illustrated which is provided with vibrating contacts indicated at V2 and with a coil VI which controls the operation of the vibrating contacts V2. Such construction being well known in the art, the same has not been illustrated in detail.

In conjunction with the regulator V, two relays VA and VB are employed, which are adapted to shunt two resistances 35 and 36. Relay VA is provided with a coil VAI and a normally open switch VA2 and relay VB is provided with a coil- VBI and a normally open switch V32. The coils of these relays have different windings so that said relays become actuated when currents of different value flow through these coils.

The coil VI of voltage regulator V is connected through a conductor ZBI with the bus H8 from transformer I H and is further connected through a conductor 282 with the common 9B. The vibrating contacts V2 of this voltage regulator are connected through a conductor I it with the coils VB! and VAI of relays VB and VA in series and through a conductor H2 with the switch VA2 of relay VA. This switch is connected to resistance 36 through a conductor 2%, which in turn is directly connected to conductor H3. The conductor H2 is further connected through a conductor 283 to switch VBZ, which in turn is connected through a conductor 2% to the resistance 35. By means of this arrangement, the two resistances 35 and 35 are connected in parallel to one another and with rheostat 3S and are both in series with the shunt excite! field coil iii. In the operation of the voltage regulator, the vibrating contact V2 shunts the rheostat 38 so as to give the desired voltage regulation. The resistance 35 and 355 when out in serve to shunt a portion of current ordinarily going through the vibrating contacts V2 of regulator. By use of these resistances, a smaller amount of current is sent through the vibrating contact V2 than would otherwise be the case, thereby improving the operation of the system and preventing failure through excessive flow of current through the vibrating contacts. The two coils VAi and VBI of the two relays are connected in series and in the circuit of the shunt exciter field coil i. These coils are adapted to actuate the respective relays of which they form a part depending upon the predetermined amount of flow of current therethrough. As noted, coil VAI has a larger number of turns than coil VBi. It will also be noted that switch VA2 controlled by relay VA connects in series with resistance 36. When current passing through the shunt field coil 5i reaches a certain amount, resistance 36 is automatically cut in shunting part of the current which would otherwise flow through the contacts V2. As the current through the shunt field coil further increases, relay VB is similarly energized cutting in resistance and still further cutting down the current passing through the vibrating coil V2.

For the purpose of advising an attendant at the control station of what is taking place in the sub-station both during synchronizing and after the plant is in normal operation, an indicating system is employed. This indicating system. relies on the current used by the various apparatus to apprize the attendant of what is taking place, and utilizes the remote control circuit. For this purpose, an ammeter 80 is provided, which is connected in series in the starting circuit EBI with the other equipment therein. This ammeter has a special coil which is calibrated and marked to indicate the various occurrences in the sub-station. The scale of this ammeter is shown in Fig. 2. From an inspection of Fig. 2, it will be noted that when load is placed upon the secondary 59S of transformer 59 through the various coils MI, AI of relays M and A and solenoids I0 and I I, in addition to other devices to be presently described, such load is stepped up through the transformer 59 and transmitted through the control line 65 to transformer where the same is stepped down and impressed upon the circuit IfiI. This load registers upon the ammeter 89 indicating just how much current is flowing in the control circuit. When the starting switch it is first closed, coils HI, XI, and ZI of the relays H, X and Z are immediately energized by the remote control circuit.

The load produced by these coils cause the pointer of the ammeter 86 to move to a point indicated at 2'i8 on the dial. As soon as one of the switches I2, 28 or H2 is operated, the circuit is established through the protective circuit and the coil MI of main relay M energized. This places a load across the secondary 596 of transformer 553. Through the secondary 51S of transformer 57 current flows in the remote control circuit I6! proportional to the load brought about in the closing of the protective circuit. This causes the ammeter to register and the said ammeter is marked as indicated by numeral 252. As the system continues to function, relay Ais closed and the coil AI thereof is connected across the remote control circuit placing a further load upon the secondary 5238 of transformer 59. This causes the further movement of the pointer of the ammeter 80 which reaches a second mark on the scale designated by the reference numeral 263. When the coil ID is operated, it starts the governor to action. Further load is placed on said transformer which causes the pointer thereof to move up to point 2%. After solenoid Iii has been operated, the governor is set into operation and the generator started. As soon as the generator gets up to speed, the fly balls of the governor are brought into operation and switch 43 closed. This starts into action the synchronizing mechanism of the invention.

In conjunction with the two coils I4 and I5 oi the synchronizer proper a resistance I6 is employed which is connected to the conductor I28 through a conductor 265. This resistance is further connected to the bus 65. Inasmuch as potential for operating coil I4 is derived from transformer 60, these potentials Oppose one another and cause a variable current to flow through the said resistance and consequently through the circuit It I. This causes the pointer of the ammeter 8i? to move between points 264 and some other advanced point on the scale. By the selection of the proper value of resistance I6 this point may be made to occur at the end of the scale as designated by the numeral 261. In this manner the synchronizing of the generator with the distribution system can be accurately observed at the control station, the pointer of the ammeter 80 swinging much the same way as the ordinary indicating synchroscope or dark and light lamps used in synchronizing. After the generator has been synchronized and connected to the distribution line, switch S3 and switch S2 on relay S of the synchronizing device open as previously explained to disconnect the synchronizer mechanism and also disconnect the resistance It from the remote control circuit. The pointer of ammeter then returns to position 254.

After synchronism the generator is caused to take on load by energization of solenoid M, This causes the pointer to move up to a point 258 on the scale of the ammeter corresponding to the additional current required by this coil. Inasmuch as the circuit including conductors I55, I51 and I '58 and solenoid II are controlled through switch J 3, the solenoid It cannot be operated until relay J is closed. Relay J cannot be closed until the circuit breaker C is closed. It hence becomes evident that the movement of the pointer up to position 2% is also indicative of the fact that the circuit breaker has been successfully closed.

In the operation or" the sub-station, it becomes desirable to know the height of the head water in the mill pond. For this purpose a float 269 is employed which is provided with a member 219 adapted to operate a movable contact 21I engaging a variable resistance I2. The amount of resistance cut in depends upon the position of the float 269. One side of the resistance I2 is connected through a conductor 212 with the common bus 99. The adjustable contact TM is connected through a conductor 213 with another conductor 214. This conductor is connected to switch 3I which in turn is connected to a conductor 215. This conductor is connected to a switch 42 which in turn is connected to a conductor 216 with conductors I56 and I51 previously referred to. By means of the circuit starting with bus 653 which includes switch J5, conductor I55, conductor 216, switch 42, switch 3I, conductor 214, conductor 213, resistance I2, conductor 212 back to the common 99 a circuit is established through resistance I2 which creates a load upon the remote control circuit and causes a further movement of the pointer of the ammeter 89. This circuit is normally closed through contact 3I which only becomes open in the event that head water within the flume drops below a certain elevation due to trash gathering on the trash grates. The circuit, however, is normally open through switch 42 but becomes closed when the cam I59 engages roller 256. This occurs when the generator has taken on load. The operation of the pointer beyond position 268 after synchronization hence indicates that the genera- .tor has taken load. Furthermore the position of said pointer beyond point 268 indicates the exact elevation of the head water in the mill pond. By selecting the proper value for resistance I2 the entire range of head water desired to be indicated can be made to read between points 268 and 261. For this purpose a separate scale 219 may be employed which may be calibrated to read directly any elevations.

With my improved system of indicating the conditions in the sub-station, an attendant at the control station be apprized of what is taking place in the power plant without being actually present. When the sub-station is completely shut down the pointer of the ammeter 80 returns to zero indi ating that there is no current in the control circuit and none of the circuits in the sub-station are energized. Inasmuch as both of the switches 3! and 42 are in series in the circuit containing resistance I2, it will become apparent that failure of the ammeter to show headwater elevation would indicate that one or the other of these switches was open.

This would mean that either the water in the flume had dropped to too low an elevation due to gathering of trash on the trash grates or that the generator had failed to take on load. In such case, it might be desirable to be able to see whether or not the elevations of the head water of the mill pond was suiiicient to operate the generator under load or whether the water had dropped in the fiume due to absence of water in the mill pond. For this purpose, the contact H3 on potential relay H is employed. By opening all the switches 82, 83, as and 85 the entire resistance 8'5 is cut into the starting circuit IGI. Coil HI is so designed that when all of the resistance is cut in, switch H3 is closed. This switch is connected through a conductor 219 with conductor 213 and is further connected to a conductor 221 with bus 65. This circuit forms a shunt circuit shunting both switches 3| and 42 permitting the attendant at the control station to ascertain the elevation of the water in the mill pond.

For the purpose of providing communication between the control station and the sub-station the ordinary local telephone system may be utilized. This system I also utilize for other purposes to be presently described in detail. For the purpose of illustration the telephone at the sub-station has been designated by reference numeral 34 while the telephone at the control station has been designated by the reference numeral 62. Ilrese telephones are connected on the usual telephone lines 286, which operates through the telephone exchange TE. Telephone 34 includes a transmitter 34A, a receiver and receiver hook 343 and such other apparatus as is customary with ordinary telephones. Telephone 62 includes a transmitter 62A, a receiver 620 and a receiver hook 623 and such other apparatus as used with telephones.

Operating in conjunction with the telephone system, I employ an alarm system which is adapted to advise the operator at the control station or at any other distant point of certain conditions occurring in the sub-station. This system includes a time controlled relay U, a time controlled relay Q and a sound producing device 38. This sound producing device is arranged in close proximity to the transmitter MA of telephone 34 and is further connected in a manner to be presently described. The relay U is constructed with a coil UI and a normally open switch U2 and is further provided with a dash pot U3 or some other suitable timing device. The relay Q includes a coil QI, a normally closed switch Q2 and a dash pot Q3 or other suitable timing device. The coil UI of this relay is connected through a conductor 281 with the common bus and is further connected through a conductor 288 with switch A4 of relay A. This switch is connected through a conductor 289 with switch M which in turn is connected through a conductor 290 with bus I64.

The relay U controls the operation of the relay Q which in turn operates the sound producing device 30 and also a solenoid 33 which lifts up the receiver hook 343 of telephone 34. The circuit for producing this result includes the switch U2 of relay U and the coil QI of relay Q. This circuit includes a conductor 2?, which connects switch U2 with conductor 281, which in turn is connected to bus 90. A conductor 292 connects switch U2 with coil QI, while a conductor 293 connects coil QI with bus I64.

A branch circuit through switch Q2 operates the solenoid 33 and also the sound producing device 30 which are connected in parallel. This circuit includes a conductor 294 between conductor 292 and switch Q2. Another conductor 295 is connected to two conductors 296 and 291, which in turn are respectively connected to the sound producing device 30 and the solenoid 33. These two devices in turn are connected through conductors 298 and 299 with the bus I84. In the operation of this feature of the invention the relay U is normally de-energized although the circuit through the coil UI thereof is normally closed through the normally closed switch MB of relay M as the same circuit is open through switch A2 of relay A. When the system is first started, relay M operates before relay A operates so that switch M8 is open before relay A is closed. l Iowever, after the same is in operation, relay A is maintained through its maintaining switch A2 and contact A4 then continues closed while switch M6 is open. If for any reason relay M should fail, then switch Mt would immediately close and the circuit be established through coil U! of relay U. The operation of this relay would close switch U2. Another circuit would then be established through coil Ql of relay Q. The relay U is time controlled through the dash pot U3 and prevents the closing of switch U2 until after the lapse of a predetermined time. This is for the purpose of preventing the operation of the alarm in the event that the relay M is reset and a failure corrected within a reasonable length of time. The switch Q2 is normally closed and as soon as switch U2 is closed the device 39 is actuated and the noise thereby transmitted to the transmitter 34A of telephone At the same time, solenoid 33 is operated which raises a telephone receiver hook 33 and operates the telephone in the usual manner through the telephone exchange. Where the telephone exchange is used, eithera leased wire would be required permanently connected to the control station or the operator would be instructed to connect the particular number required when the sound emitted by the device was heard in the exchange. The relay Q is time controlled to prevent opening of the switch Q2 until after the lapse of a predetermined length of time. This gives an alarm for the desired time after which switch Q2 opens and the alarm stops.

In order to reset relay Q and the relay U to normal position, it becomes necessary to operate switch iii l at the control station so as to deprive the entire system at the sub-station of power. For this purpose, the relay D is employed. This relay consists of a coil Di and two normally open switches D2 and D3. The coil Dl is connected in a circuit 366) which is connected in parallel to the telephone line 235. When the ringing current from telephone exchange is transmitted over line 286, a part thereof passes through the shunt circuit 368 and energizes coil Dl of relay D. The relay D is so constructed that the pulsating ringing current is sufiicient to maintain the relay D closed during energization from this source. As soon as the receiver hook 62B is raised and the talking current transmitted to the line 286, a portion of the same is shunted through coil DI which further maintains the relay D closed. Closure of relay D completes new circuits which are energized from a suitable source of potential through a line 3%. This line is directly connected to the switches D3 and D2. A conductor 302 connects the switch D3 with a solenoid Bl, used for raising the receiver hook 62B while another conductor 3633 connects the switch D2 with the same solenoid. It will hence be readily comprehended that as soon as the alarm is set off the receiver hook 62B is raised and the sound heard by the device 3i; transmitted to the receiver 620 or" telephone 62. 7

Where an attendant is handy to listen in on the receiver 620 the message transmitted from telephone 34 may be directly received. However, to handle the situation when no operator is present, a transmitting Dictaphone 354 and a receiving Dictaphone 3% are employed. The transmitting Dictaphone 304 is constructed with the usual operating motor 356 and with a reproducer Sill through which the sound produced thereby is transmitted. This device is placed in close proximity to the transmitter 62A of the telephone 62 so that Whatever message is to be transmitted will operate the telephone and advise the party at the sub-station, if there be one, the particular message to be given. The Dictaphone its is similar to the Dictaphone se l and comprises a mouthpiece 325 and a motor 320 for operating said Dictaphone. The mouthpiece 325 is placed near the receiver 620 of telephone '62 so that sound emitted by said receiver may be received by the Dictaphone and recorded on the record thereof. The Dictaphone 3th"; operates for but a relatively short length of time and in the event that there be no attendant at the sub-station, the transmitting Dictaphone is out off some time before the switch Q2 opens and the alarm from the device 36 stopped. After the Dictaphone 384 has completed its operation, the same automatically functions through a limit switch 64 to cut in the receiver Dictaphone 395 which then records the message received by the transmitter 34A of the telephone 35 which may be the alarm from the device 36 or a message from an attendant at the sub-station.

For the purpose of operating the Dictaphone 3%, a relay DB is employed having a coil DB1, and two normally open switches DB2 and DB3. The coil DB! of this relay is connected through a conductor sea with the conductor 302 leadin from switch D3. The other side of this coil is connected through a conductor 390 with a normally closed switch DA4 on another relay DA which will be presently more fully described. A conductor fill] connected with this switch leads to the conductor 303 which is connected to switch D3 previously referred to. Upon closure of relay D, a circuit is immediately established through.

coil DBl' which actuates relay DB and closes both switches DB2 and DB3. Switch DB3 is connected through a conductor 3 with the motor see of Dictaphone 3G4 and is further connected through a conductor 3E2 with conductor 3l0 previously referred to. Switch DB2 is connected through a conductor M3 to the motor 306 and through another conductor 3M with conductor 30$. When the switches DB2 and DB3 are closed, current is procured from the line 30] to motor 366 which operates the Dictaphone in the usual manner.

For the purpose of disconnecting the Dictaphone 364 and connecting the Dictaphone 305 the relay DA is employed. This relay includes a coil DAl, a normally closed switch DA4 previously referred to and two normally open switches DAZ and DAS. In addition to this relay, a second relay DC is employed having a coil DCl and two normally open switches DC2 and D03. The limit switch 64 is connected through a conductor EMA with conductor 303 while said switch is further connected through a conductor 3l5 with both of the switches DA2 and DA3 and with the coil DAl of the relay DA as well. Switch DA?! is connected through a conductor 3 i 6 with coil DC I, which coil is connected through conductor 3H with conductor 3B2. Switch DAB is connected through a conductor 318 with conductor 333. Switch D02 is connected through a conductor 32! to conductor 363 and is further connected through a conductor 322 with motor 329 of Dictaphone 355. The other side of this motor is connected through a conductor 323 to switch DCS which in turn is connected through a conductor 32 2 with the conductor 3B2. Coil DA! is directly connected to conductor 392 through a conductor 3E9.

When the limit switch 64 is closed th ough the movement of the transmitter to a position at the end of the record, a circuit may be traced from the conductor 3% through a conductor 3|4A, limit switch 54, conductor 3l5, coil DA! and contelephone ductor 319 back to conductor 362. This energizes relay DA closing switches DA2 and DA3 and at the same time opening switch DA4. The opening of switch DA; de-energizes relay DB depriving the motor 386 of Dictaphone 304 of energy. The closing of switch DAB completes a circuit shunting switch 64 which serves to maintain relay coil DAl energized and the relay closed. At the same time a circuit is established through switch DA2 which passes through conductor 3E6, coil DCl, conductor 3H, back to the conductor 302. This energizes relay DC. The motor 325! of Dictaphone 3535 is then connected through switches DC and D3 to the conductors 31. 2 and 3&3 from line 30!. The Dictapho -e 365 is now set in operation and is adapted to receive the sound or sig nal transmitted from receiver 628 adjacent which the same is positioned. The operation of Dictaphone 395 then continues as long as the telephone circuit 285 is supplied with current. Upon cutting off the telephone circuit either manually at the sub-station or control station or at the telephone exchange, reiay D is opened, which de-energizes relays DA and DC, rendering the Dictaphone 3:05 inoperative and resetting all of the various parts in normal position.

For the purpose of resetting the Dictaphone 304, a solenoid 63 is employed. This solenoid is connected through a bell crank 32% and a link 32'! operating therewith, which function in a manner to move the reproducer 397 back to the beginning or" the record. The bell crank 326 is moved into resetting position through a spring 328 and is retracted from such position through the energization of solenoid 53. Tins solenoid is connected in parallel with the motor 336 through the conductors 3H and (H3 thereof. When the motor 3% is operated, solenoid 326 is actuated, retracting the link 32'? from engagement with the reproducer 301.

The telephones 62A and the Dictaphones 3G4 and 365 may be located in any desired locality where local telephone service is available. Such station need not necessarily be in the control station situated near the power line but may be in the office of the superintendent of the plant or any other place desired. The apparatus may, however, be in the sub-station, if found advisable. At times, a separate system of communication between the sub-station and control station might be desirable. Such system is procured through the control line 65. For this purpose two telephones 53 and 54 are employed, which are provided with the usual receiver hooks and trans mitters and which are each connected in their own respective circuits indicated at Sci; and 333, respectively. In conjunction with these circuits two relays TA and T are employed of w ich the former is provided with a coil TM, a normally closed switch TA2 and a normally open switch TAB. The relay T is provided with a coil Tl, with a normally open switch T2 and a normally closed switch T3. The circuit 329 is connected to the control line 63 and includes the telephone 53 and the svwitch TA2 of relay TA. The switch TA-3 is connected through a conductor 332 to ground. The switch TA2 is in the control line 65. In like manner the circuit 33;) including 5% commences at control line 55 and includes telephone 54 and is connected to the switch T3 and switch T3 is connected through a conductor 333 to ground. Switch T2 similar to switch TA3 is in the control line 65. Two circuits 329 and330 are connected to said control line intermediate these switches so that when both of these switches are opened this section of the control line is isolated and serves merely for telephone purposes.

The coil Tl of relay T is connected to the starting circuit ifil. Operating in conjunction with relay TA, another relay TB is employed which includes a coil TBS and a single normally open contact F32. The coil TA! of relay TA is connected with bus Hi5 through a conductor 335 and is further connected through a conductor 338 with a switch 52, which is normally closed. This switch is adapted to be opened when the telephone receiver of telephone 53 is raised from its hook and otherwise remains closed. From switch 52, a conductor 33? leads to the common bus 99. A circuit 388, shunting the switch 52 contains the switch T32 of relay TB. This switch is normally open. This circuit commences at common bus 93 and leads to conductor 336. The coil T31 of relay TB is connected in a circuit 339 which is connected to the common bus 99 and to the bus 66. The transformer 63 being permanently connected to the distribution line DL, furnishes current for the coil TA! of relay TA so that the switch TA2 is closed as long as the distribution system is in operation. This maintains contact TA2 closed and establishes a circuit through line excepting through switch T2. Whenever it is desired to telephone over the line from the sub-station to the control station, the hook of the telephone 53 is raised and the receiver removed therefrom. This opens switch 532 which de-e-nergizes relay TA opening switch TA2. At the same time, switch TAB is closed. This connects the tele phone circuit 329 to ground and the telephone may then be used in the ordinary manner. The use of the control line 35 for telephone purposes from the sub-station is, of course, only possible when the control line is not in use for any other purpose at which time switch T2 would be open and the telephone circuit 339 connected to ground through switch T3.

-To prevent an attendant at the sub-station from opening the control circuit by opening switch 52 while the control line is in use for control purposes, the relay TB is employed. As brought out, circuit 33' is connected across busses I and which are fed from the transformer 52. This transformer becomes energized upon the closing of the control circuit 55 and as soon as energy is provided to these busses, coil TB! becomes actuated, closing switch T32. Switch T32 shunting switch 52 maintains the circuit through relay TA closed and hence maintains contact TAB closed. The opening of switch 52 by raising the receiver hook hence does not open the control line iii to cause the plant to shut down.

In the operation of the invention, assuming that the sub-station is shut down, the position of the various switches and contacts will be as illustrated in the drawings. To start the sub-station, switch I3 3 is first closed. At the same time switch 82 is closed. This completes circuit I 6| which energizes coil Tl of relay T closing switch T2. This completes, a circuit through the control line. Upon closure of these switches, current flows through the primary 5GP of transformer 55, through switch T2, through switch TAG which is normally closed, through switch 22, the primary 59? of transformer 53. When a load is placed upon transformer 58 either through the time operated device 72 or the potential relay'H as presently described, a corresponding load is placed upon the secondary 588 of transformer 56 which sends an appreciable current through the current coil Tl of relay T. When this current is sufiicient the switch T2 of said relay is maintained closed thereby. By selecting the proper switch of the switches S2, S3 and S4, a certain amount of resistance 88 is cut into the circuit containing coil Ti of relay T. This circuit receives its energy from the transformer 51' through the primary 51S thereof and a certain voltage is impressed upon secondary 568 of transformer 56, depending upon the resistance 86 and the other constants in this circuit. The voltage impressed upon the transformer 56 is transferred through the distribution line and the circuit 65 to primary 5GP of transformer 59. By employing switch 82 all of the resistance 86 is shunted and the various potential relays normally operated thereby are rendered inoperative. In such case, the time controlled switch 12 alone functions. When the proper time of day is reached, the time controlled switch is closed which completes the protective circuit MP which may be traced as follows. Commencing with the bus 66 leading from the secondary 598 of transformer 59 the current flows through circuit 225 connecting said switch with said bus, switch 72 through conductor 5613, through conductor 6?, through switch A2 which is normally closed,

through conductor 68, through switch 132 of relay B which is also normally closed, through conductor 69, through conductor '15, through switch 4| operated by the governor cross head 99, which switch is also normally closed, through conductor 16, through switch J 3 also normally closed, through conductor ll, through switch 32 and through conductor 18. As soon as station control current is on, relay F is energized and switch F2 is closed. Assuming that station current is available, current continues from conductor 18 and flows through switch F2, through conductor 79, connecting switch F2 with switch K3, through switch K3, through conductor 61, through switch 21, through conductor 38, through coil Mi of master relay M, through conductor 8% and back to the common 9c. The switch F2 is a normally open switch, however, when the system is in condition to be rendered operable, local control current passes through the coil Fl thereof and maintains said switch closed so that the circuit may be completed to operate the coil Ml of master relay M. The actuation of master relay M closes a plurality of circuits, a number of which have been previously described. One of these circuits indicated at 93 includes the switch M4 which shunts switch A2 and which serves to maintain the relay M closed throughout the subsequent operation of the system as previously explained. Upon closure of switch M3, a circuit may be traced from the potential side 66 of transformer 59 through bus 66B, switch M3, through conductor 94, through solenoid l9, through conductor 95 and back to the common 98. This releases the control mechanism 98 which opens the governor valves and subjects the governor cylinders to the oil under pressure. The cross head 99 of the governor I00 now travels toward the right as viewed in the drawing turning the gate shaft lEll and opening the gate which controls the flow of water to the prime mover Hi2. This operates generator 45 which, as soon as sufiicient speed has been maintained, energizes the generator line GL. The generator drives the fly balls in the .governor which in turn control the operation of the cross head 99 in the customary manner to maintain the generator at proper no-1oad speed. Another of the circuits closed by relay M is designated at iil5-|fl6 which includes the switch M2. Starting with the exciter armature 4 9, a circuit may be traced through conductor it], through conductor I68, through conductor I06, master relay switch M2, conductor I05, conductor Hi9 and up to rheostat 38. At the rheostat 38, the current divides, part passing through said rheostat through a shunt circuit Hi! and the remainder passing through a main circuit Hi. The current passing through the main circuit I l i passes through a conductor H2, through the vibrating contact V2 of voltage regulator V, through conductor H3, through coils VBi and VAI and relays VB and VA through conductor I I4 and through the shunt field 5! of the exciter 48. The conductor H5 connects the shunt held 5! to the series field 50 which is connected through conductor H6 with the other side of the armature 49 of the exciter 48. This completes a circuit through both the shunt and series fields of.

the exciter which energizes the field of the generator causing the same to generate current and deliver alternate current to the line GL, The voltage regulator V operates in the usual manner to control the potential of the generator 45. Resistance 31 is an auxiliary resistance cut in series with the rheostat 38 for reducing the voltage of the eXciter when the exciter is being shut down. This resistance is normally shunted by the switch M2 during the normal operation of the exciter. After the line GL has become energized, transformer Ill is provided with potential. Both the generator line and the distribution line are now live and the various synchronizing circuits may then be operated as previously described. Fo1- lowing synchronization the various other steps of the starting and control of the system are automatically carried out as described in connection with the individual apparatus and features of the invention.

The advantages of my invention are manifest.

'The system is fully automatic, so that the power plant may be started and operated under all conditions by remote control. The attendant at the control station is at all times apprized of the condition of the plant, both during the starting thereof and during the operation thereof after starting. By means of the various protective devices employed and the master relay used, the system will automatically shut down and at the same time advise the attendant at the control station in the event that a failure occurs or in the event that some device or apparatus fails to function. It is practically impossible with my system to cause injury to the generator or other apparatus associated therewith. The system automatically takes on load after the generator has been connected to the distribution system and the proportion of the load can be varied to meet with the requirements of the system. The system may be economically installed, the control circuit using but a single conductor.

Changes in the specific form of my invention as herein disclosed may be made within the scope of what is claimed, without departing from the spirit of my invention.

Having described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:

1. In a remote control system, a hydroelectric generator, a remote control station, a control circuit over which said generator may be started from said station and connected to a transmission line, means for increasing the current flow indicate the stage said operation is in at any in said circuit in proportion to the progress of the operation of putting said generator on said line means for further variably increasing the current flow in said circuit in proportion to the water level, and supervisory means at said control station controlled in accordance with the current flow in said circuit.

2. In a remote control system, a power plant, a control station, a control circuit extending between said plant and station, a source of current for said circuit, means responsive to the closure of said circuit at said station to eiiect current flow thereover between said station and plant to initiate a switching operation at said plant, means contingent on said circuit remaining closed for carrying out said operation in a plurality of separate stages, and means at said station controlled over said closed circuit concurrently with the completion of each stage for indicating th progress of said operation. i

3. In a remote control system, a control circuit 1 extending from a control station to a distant plant, means for supplying current to said circuit,

a plurality of branch circuits at said plant, means for automatically connecting said branch circuits to said control circuit at intervals in the course of a switching operation, and means at said station controlled. in accordance with the number of branch circuits connected and con currently with the connection thereof to supervise the progress of said switching operation.

4. In a remote control system, a power transmission line, a control station and a power plant located at different points along said line, a control circuit including a conductor of said line and 5 extending between said station and plant, a local circuit at said control station transformer coupled to the transmission line and to said circuit, whereby power may be supplied to said circuit from the line, a local circuit at said plant transformer coupled to said control circuit, means for performing a switching operation at said plant including means for placing a load on the associated local circuit which increases as the operation proceeds, and means in the local circuit at the control station responsive to the increasing load to indicate the progress of the operation at said plant.

5. In a remote control system, the combination, with a transmission line and a power plant including a generator, of a control circuit extending from said power plant to a control station,

.means controlled over said circuit for putting said generator in service to supply power to said line, said means including a plurality of electrical devices supplied with power over said control circuit and adapted to progressively increase .the current flow thereover as the operation of putting said generator in service proceeds, and

.means at said control station operated in accordance with the current flow in said circuit to in- .dicate the progress of said operation.

6. In a remote control system, a control circuit extending between a power plant and a control station, means at said station for initiating current flow over said circuit, means at the power plant responsive to initiation of current flow over said circuit for starting an operation and for carrying it through a plurality of stages, means .at saidplant for increasing the current flow over .said. circuit at each stage of said operation, and .means at the control station operated in accordance with the current flow over said circuit to instant.

7. In a remote control system, a pow-er plant including a generator, a remote control station, a control circuit extending between said station and plant, a transmission line to which said generator is adapted to supply power, means responsive to closure of said control circuit at said station for initiating the operation of putting said generator on the line, means at the said plant for automatically completing said operation, including means for varying the current in the closed control circuit, and means at said station operated in accordance with the current in said control circuit for indicating the progress of the said operation through a plurality of stages while said control circuit is maintained closed.

8. In a remote control system, a control circuit extending between a power plant and a control station, means at said control station for closing said circuit and for supplying power thereto, means at said power plant automatically operated responsive to the closure of said circuit for successively connecting a plurality of electrical devices to draw current over said control circuit, thereby increasing the load on said circuit in progressive stages, and means at said control station responsive to the changing load on said circuit to indicate the progress of the operations at said power plant.

9. In a remote control system, a transmission line, alpower plant on said line, a generator in said plant, means for starting up said generator and for putting it in service on said line, said means including a plurality of electrical devices, means for operating certain of said devices by power taken from the transmission line at said plant, a control station located at a remote point on said line, and means for operating certain others of said devices by power taken from the transmission line at said control station, whereby the power supplied to said other devices may be measured at the control station to supervise the operation of putting said generator in servme.

10. In a supervisory system for a remote power plant, the combination, with a transmission line and a control station located along the line, of a control circuit extending from said station to said plant, means for supplying power to said circuit from the transmission line at said control station, a, generator at said plant, means for starting said generator and 101' automatically synchronizing it with the transmission line, means at the power plant for coupling the generator output with said control circuit, whereby a variable load is placed on said circuit depending on the degree to which the generator is out of phase with the line before synchronization is complete, and means at said station for measuring said load as an indication of the progress of the synchronizing operation.

11. In a power supervisory system, two power lines, means for synchronizing said lines preparatory to switching them together, a control circuit supplied with power from line and extending to a remote control station, means operative while the two lines are being synchronized for impressing a load on said circuit proportional to the extent said lines are out oi syncm-onism and means at said station controlled in accord: ance with the amount or" such load for indicatingl zthe progress of the synchronizing operation. In a remote control system, a transmission line, a generator adapted to supply power to said line, a control circuit extending to a remote control station, means for starting said generator responsive to closure of said control circuit, means for synchronizing said generator with the line, means for varying the current in said control circuit in predetermined relation to the degree of synchronization attained as the operation of synchronizing proceeds, and means at the control station controlled in accordance with the current flow in said control circuit to indicate the progress of the said operation.

13. In a remote control system, a transmission line, a generator for supplying power to said line, a control circuit extending to a remote control station, means responsive to closure or said circuit for starting said generator and putting it on said line, including means for performing a plurality of different operations involved automatically, means responsive to certain operations for varying the current in said circuit in abrupt stages, means responsive to another of said operations for continuously varying the current in said circuit,'and indicating means at said control station selectively responsive to all said current variations.

14. In a remote control system, a transmission line, a generator for supplying power to said line, a control circuit extending to a remote control station, means responsive to closing of said control circuit at said station for starting said generator and for putting it on said line and responsive to the opening of said control circuit at said station for stopping said generator, means responsive to preliminary operations involved in putting said generator on the line for varying the current in the closed control circuit, and indicating means at the control station controlled over said circuit.

15. In a supervisory control system, a power transmission line, a control station on said line, a control circuit extending from said station to a distant station also on said line, said control circuit including a conductor of said line, apparatus at said distant station controlled over said circuit for performing a switching operation, and means at the control station controlled over said circuit for supervising said switching operation during the time that the said circuit is in use for controlling said apparatus.

16. In a supervisory control system, an energizing channel extending between a control station and a distant station, means at said distant station controlled over said channel for interconnecting two alternating current power lines, means at said distant station responsive to the exercise of such control for sending over said channel information as to the phase relation between said lines before the interconnection is completed, and means at the control station for receiving such information.

1'7. In a supervisory control system, an energizing path extending between a control station and a distant station, apparatus at the distant station controlled over said path for connecting two alternating current power lines, said apparatus including synchronizing means, and means operatively associated with said synchronizing means and effective while said apparatus is under control over said path for transmitting over said path to said control station information as to the progress of thesynchronizing operation.

18. In a supervisory control system, an energizing path extending from a control station to a distant station, means at said distant station for automatically connecting two alternating current power lines, means at said dist-ant station controlled over said path for initiating the operation of said connecting means, means at said distant station operated during the progress of said connecting operation for transmitting back over said path information as to the frequency relation between said power lines, and means at the control station for receiving said information.

ERICK PEARSON. 

